An Analysis Of Dogs Death, By John Updike - 1602 Words

â€Å"Dog’s Death† The poem, â€Å"Dog’s Death,† written by John Updike brings the reader through a sentimental and heart-wrenching journey, with the life gone too soon, of a beautiful puppy that passes away from a traumatic injury. The poem does not reveal the owner of the puppy, but we do know that the narrator is a man, a father, and a husband when Updike states, â€Å"Monday morning, as the children were noisily fed† and â€Å"I stroked her warm fur / And my wife† (592). The owner could be Updike or someone else. He allows the reader to share in the family’s grief and heartbreak in the loss of their beloved puppy. The death of a family pet can be one of the most traumatic experiences in a person’s life. This poem is a reminder to anyone who has ever lost†¦show more content†¦She is still loyal and a â€Å"Good dog† (592) to her family, even on her deathbed. Throughout his poem, Updike’s tone is sympathetic, somber, and sorrowful when he tells us about the death of his puppy. The reader knows that she was loved unconditionally when he relays these heartbreaking words, â€Å"Though surrounded by love that would have upheld her, / Nevertheless she sank and, stiffening, disappeared† (592). Updike lets the reader know that if love could have saved her she had more than enough love from her family to have kept her alive. The feelings and emotions for the puppy show the bond that is formed between animals and their families. Updike’s words are chosen to bring the reader into the emotions surrounding his poem and, in addition, his use of symbolism guides the reader through a much deeper meaning. For example, the word choice that he uses for the following line brings the reader to a very sorrowful place in his poem when he states, â€Å"And her heart was learning to lie down forever† (592) after an autopsy determined that his puppy has a ruptured liver. The poem line hints at the deeper meaning to show a dog command, â€Å"lie down†, that he used while training her. She is still learning and worthy of the words, â€Å"Good Dog!† even in death. Another example of symbolism used is the newspaper, when Updike states, â€Å"Back home, we found that in the night her frame, / Drawing near to dissolution, hadShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of Dogs Death by John Updike and I Used to Live Here Once by Jean Rhys2768 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Explore any primitive culture and you are likely to unearth taboos about death. Whether universal or not, there appears to be a propensity for not saying aloud those thing that will attract the attention of bad spirits, the evil eye, or the grim reaper. Looking away from evil is believed to keep one safe from harm. It is no wonder then, that the superstitious behavior of humans extends to death as if it were an unnatural event instead of a completely natural milestone albeit, the finalRead MoreUnderstanding Relationships in Emily Dickinsons Because I Could Not Stop for Death and John Updikes Dogs Death1796 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Dickinsons Because I could not stop for death and John Updikes Dogs Death both trigger intense feelings in readers as a result of the concepts that they relate to. Through emphasizing feelings experienced by the main characters with regard to individuals they love, these two authors want readers to get a more complex understanding of relationships that develop between individuals who truly comprehend the importance of love. To a certain degree one might feel inclined to consider thatRead MoreDogs Death Analysis797 Words   |  4 PagesDog’s Death Analysis Gail Kidder ENG125 – English Literature Prof Kristen McClure December 10, 2012 Dog’s Death by John Updike really touched me when I read it for the first time. His use of imagery in this poem is very touching. He makes the reader relate to the death of the dog by showing through his words the emotions of what the dog is going through as well as what his owners are feeling. This paper will show how I think the author was trying to use imagery to show the love betweenRead MoreThe taste of melon by borden deal11847 Words   |  48 Pageshayloft, looking fiercely out over his melon patch. I’d sit there by the hour and watch him, the shotgun cradled in his arm, and feel the tremors of fear and excitement chasing up and down my spine. â€Å"Look at him,† my father would say. â€Å"Scared to death somebody will steal his seed melon. Wouldn’t anybody steal a man’s seed melon.† â€Å"He ought to be in the house taking care of that wife of his,† my mother would say tartly. â€Å"She’s been poorly all year.† You hardly ever saw Mrs. Wills. She was a wraith

Comparing To Kill a Mockingbird and Bless Me, Ultima.

Childhood is the most carefree part of a persons life. Children are instinctively pure creatures, unperturbed by the troubles that may surround them. Like the quote above states, the incidents they go through are simply black and white, good and bad. However, as they grow older, they lose their innocent state of mind. They are suddenly thrown into a world where they are constantly struggling to defeat the odds and are desperately seeking answers to lifes questions. Is there anyone that helps them during this difficult time, to see the shades of gray? Of course, there can be many answers to this question, but I think the single most influential person who guides a child through this stage is a family member. Family is one of the most†¦show more content†¦Its when you youre licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do. Mrs. Dubose won, all ninety-eight pounds of her. According to her views, she died be holden to nothing and nobody. She was the bravest person I knew. (page 112) When Atticus tries to tell Jem that a man with a gun is not courageous, he is downplaying the fact that he really isnt proud of being the sharpest shooter back in the day, that is not something that makes a person virtuous. However, he is actually describing himself in this quote. By taking up Toms case, Atticus knows he is licked before he begins, but he sees it through anyways because he knows it is the right thing to do. The trial of Tom Robinson is what affects Jem most. His idealistic notions of life are crushed when innocent Tom is convicted. He has no idea how to comprehend the injustice that he has just witnessed. The strong presence of Atticus in Jems life is what will help him see the positive impact of the trial. At the beginning of Chapter 25, Jem refuses to allow Scout to squash a roly-poly bug because it has done nothing to harm her. Why couldnt I mash him? I asked. Because they dont bother you , Jem answered in the darkness. (page 238) After seeing the unjust destruction of Tom, Jem clearly sees the unfairness in destroying the innocent. Jem

supreme court desicion of hypothetical case Essay Example For Students

supreme court desicion of hypothetical case Essay The appellant, Salim abdul Aziz Rahman, the founder of the group called the Global Islamic Jihad, was convicted under the USA Patriot Act of 2003 for furthering the aims of known terrorism organizations by advocating the violence of the United States government that is called for by those organizations. He was tried and convicted by the Federal District Court, and has challenged the constitutionality of this Act on the grounds that it violates his First Amendment right of Freedom of Speech as protected by the United States Constitution. The United States Patriot Act of 2003 makes it a crime to further the aims of known terrorist organizations by advocating the violence against the United States government that is called for by those organizations. This act was formulated and put into effect after the acts of terrorism in September of 2001. The record shows that a man identified as the appellant, distributed to the inhabitants of his predominantly Middle-Eastern New York City neighbor hood, pamphlets stating the American government is controlled by Zionist agents and is using its arrogant power to murder believers around the world. These pamphlets also contained the sentence The penalty for murder is death. These pamphlets were printed and distributed by his organization, Global Islamic Jihad. At a rally of his organization in April of 2002, Mr. Rahman burned a flag (though protected by Texas v Johnson, 491 US 397, OBrien 626), and presented a speech where he called for death to any country that supports Zionist aggression against true believers as well as cataloging American crimes against humanity. In a speech on the day of his arrest in this same Middle-Eastern neighborhood, the appellant catalogued Americas crimes against humanity and the believers, as well as declaring We must not sit by idle. We must stand up with all of our strength with our brothers and sisters who struggle against the Zionists and against those who help them with money and weapons. The treacherous Jews and Crusaders must go down. Jihad knows no boundaries and no limitations on its means. Through legal FBI wiretaps, it was found that Mr. Rahman was in direct contact with representatives of the Muslim Brotherhood, a political group both in the United States and abroad. Previously an Egyptian terrorist group whom publicly renounced violence, this group now claims to advocate a peaceful transition to a worldwide Islamic state. However, this group often conveys ideas by known terrorist organizations that it calls brothers in the great cause. These groups include but are not limited to Hamas, Hezbollah, and th e Armed Islamic Group. Mr. Rahman encouraged these groups and all of the efforts made at reversing the tide of Zionist-Crusader imperialism as well as offered his groups support to broadcast the message in the US so that many will hear and join the great struggle against American and Israeli crimes. Due to Mr. Rahmans claim that the USA Patriot Act of 2003 violates his freedom of speech, the first subject of discussion is to determine what, in our present times and current situation as a nation, is considered free speech. The first Amendment of the United States Constitution, as ratified on December 15, 1791, declares that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people to peaceably assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This courts purpose is not to decide whether or not speech is protected by the Constitution o f the United States of America, but to what degree it is protected in the Nations current times. In order to determine this, we turn to the clear and present danger test as developed in Schenck v. United States, 249 US 47 (OBrien, 389), by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes.When applying the clear and present danger test, one must look at the present circumstances of both the nation and the world as a whole. Due to the acute acts of terrorism on September 11, 2001, and the current involvement in The War Against Terror currently taking place in the Middle East, certain expressions of thought are not to be considered suitable for the times. As determined in Aikens V. Wisconsin, 195 US 194 (OBrien, 389), the character of every act depends upon the circumstances in which it is done. We must determine as a court whether or not the words used in this speech were said in such a circumstance and are of such a nature that they could possibly create a clear and present danger and bring about the s ubstantive evils that congress has the right to prevent. If these expressions are found to produce an imminent evil, there will be no violation of Mr. Rahmans first amendment freedom of speech as stated in the constitution. .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 , .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .postImageUrl , .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 , .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7:hover , .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7:visited , .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7:active { border:0!important; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7:active , .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7 .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubab211ed5c26bae2cd6ba2e13c6521c7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The History and Importance of Civil Engineering EssayThe words Mr. Rahman used in his speech directly described the United States as viewed by himself and his organization. The statement We must not sit by idle. We must stand up with all of our strength with our brothers and sisters who struggle against Zionists and against those who help them with money and weapons. The treacherous Jews and Crusaders must go down. Jihad knows no boundaries, could potentially produce a downfall of the United States government. This speech by their nature, if acted upon by his followers, could produce an evil. Due to our nations current war against these organizations, this type of speech i s not acceptable. The courts must also consider who is the most susceptible and the most affected by these words. Because Mr. Rahman spoke to a crowd of his followers as well as sympathetic onlookers in his predominantly middle-eastern neighborhood, these listeners could be easily swayed to take action. These words are, in the courts opinion, a call to arms by Mr. Rahman against the United States. The expression in question was found to, if acted upon, produce an evil. These words are therefore found to project an imminent danger upon the citizens, as well as the government, of the United States. Therefore, it is not only the duty, but also the right of the government to protect her country and the freedoms of her people. The USA Patriot Act of 2003 makes it a crime to further the aims of known terrorist organizations by advocating violence against the United States. We have found that by Mr. Rahmans speaking of the words We must not sit by idle. We must stand up with all of our str ength with our brothers and sisters who struggle against Zionists and against those who help them with money and weapons. The treacherous Jews and Crusaders must go down. Jihad knows no boundaries, and by his contact and support of known terrorist organizations that promote this violence, he is in direct violation of this act. Such utterances, by their very nature, involve danger to the public peace and to the security of the state. They threaten breaches of the peace and ultimate revolution. And the immediate danger is none the less real and substantial, because the effect of a given circumstance cannot be acutely foreseen. The State Cannot reasonably be required to measure the danger from every such utterance in the nice balance of a jewelers scale. A single revolutionary spark may kindle a fire that, smoldering for a time, may burst into a sweeping and destructive conflagration. Justice Edward Sanford;Gitlow v. The People Of New York, 268 US 652This quote directly illustrates the courts opinion in this case. It is the direct duty of the United States government to stop the spark before it starts a flame. Due to the circumstances in which this nation is under, there are certain limitations on the definition of freedom of speech. This court therefore affirms the lower courts decision by an eight to one v ote.

The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues Essay Example

The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues Paper Overview The Seven Deadly Sins, also known as the Capital Vices or Cardinal Sins, are a classification of vices that were originally used in early Christian teachings to educate and instruct followers concerning (immoral) fallen mans tendency to sin. The Roman Catholic Church divided sin into two principal categories: venial, which are relatively minor, and could be forgiven through any sacrament of the Church, and the more severe capital or mortal sins, which, when committed, destroyed the life of grace, and created the threat of eternal damnation unless either absolved through the sacrament of confession, or otherwise forgiven through perfect contrition on the part of the penitent. Beginning in the early 14th century, the popularity of the Seven deadly sins as a theme among European artists of the time eventually helped to ingrain them in many areas of Christian culture and Christian consciousness in general throughout the world. One means of such ingraining was the creation of the mnemonic SALIGIA based on the first letters in Latin of the seven deadly sins: superbia, avaritia, luxuria, invidia, gula, ira, acedia. We will write a custom essay sample on The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The 7 Deadly Sins and 7 Cardinal Virtues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Listed in the same order used by both Pope Gregory the Great in the 6th Century AD, and later by Dante Alighieri in his epic poem The Divine Comedy, the Seven deadly sins are as follows: (7) Luxuria(extravagance, later lust); (6) Gula(gluttony); (5) Avaritia(greed); (4) Acedia(sloth); (3) Ira(wrath); (2) Invidia(envy); and (1) Superbia(pride). Each of The Seven Deadly Sins has an opposite among the corresponding Seven holy virtues (sometimes also referred to as the Contrary Virtues). The identification and definition of the Seven deadly sins over their history has been a fluid process and the idea of what each of the seven actually encompass has evolved over time. This process has been aided by the fact that they are not referred to in either a cohesive or codified manner in the Bible itself, and as a result other literary and ecclesiastical works referring to the Seven deadly sins were instead consulted as sources from which definitions might be drawn. Part II of Dantes Divine Comedy, Purgatorio, has almost certainly been the best known source since the Renaissance, though many later interpretations and versions, especially those of the more conservative and Pentecostal Protestant denominations, have instead tended to portray the consequence for those guilty of committing one or more of these sins as being eternal torment in Hell, rather than possible purification through penance in Purgatory. The Sins == Lust (Latin: luxuria) Synonyms: Lust (fornication, perversion) Lust is usually thought of as involving obsessive or excessive thoughts or desires of a sexual nature. Unfulfilled lusts sometimes lead to sexual or sociological compulsions and/or transgressions including (but obviously not limited to) sexual addiction, adultery, bestiality, and rape. Dantes criterion was excessive love of others, which therefore rendered love and devotion to God as secondary. However, lust and love are two different things; while a genuine, selfless love can represent the highest degree of development and feeling of community with others in a human relationship, Lust can be described as the excessive desire for sexual release. The other person can be therefore seen as a means to an end for the fulfillment of the subjects desires, and becomes thus objectified in the process. In Purgatorio, the penitent walks within flames to purge himself of lustful/sexual thoughts. ==; Gluttony (Latin: gula) Synonyms: Gluttony (waste, overindulgence) Modern views identify Gluttony with an overindulgence of food and drink, though in the past any form of thoughtless excess could fall within the definition of this sin. Marked by unreasonable or unnecessary excess of consumption, Gluttony could also include certain forms of destructive behavior, especially for sport, or for its own sake. Substance abuse or binge drinking can be seen as examples of gluttony therefore. The penitents in the Purgatorio were forced to stand between two trees, unable to reach or eat the fruit hanging from either, and were thus described as having a starved appearance. Greed (Latin: avaritia) Synonyms: Greed (treachery, covetousness) Greed is, like Lust and Gluttony, a sin of excess. However, Greed (as seen by the Church) applied to the acquisition of wealth in particular. Thomas Aquinas wrote that Greed was a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things. In Dantes Purgatory, the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts. Avarice is more of a blanket term that can describe many other examples of sinful behavior. These include disloyalty, deliberate betrayal, or treason, especially for personal gain, for example through bribery. Scavenging and hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by greed. Such misdeeds can include Simony, where one profits from soliciting goods within the actual confines of a church. == Sloth (Latin: acedia) Synonyms: Sloth (laziness, sadness, apathy) More than other sins, the definition of Sloth has changed considerably since its original inclusion among The Seven Deadly Sins. It had been in the early years of Christianity characterized by what modern writers would now describe as apathy, depression, and joylessness — the latter being viewed as being a refusal to enjoy the goodness of God and the world He created. Originally, its place was fulfilled by two other aspects, Acedia and Sadness. The former described a spiritual apathy that affected the faithful by discouraging them from their religious work. Sadness (tristitia in Latin) described a feeling of dissatisfaction or discontent, which caused unhappiness with ones current situation. When St. Thomas Aquinas selected Acedia for his list, he described it as an uneasiness of the mind, being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Dante refined this definition further, describing Sloth as being the failure to love God with all ones heart, all ones mind and all ones soul. He also described it as the middle sin, and as such was the only sin characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. In his Purgatorio, the slothful penitents were made to run continuously at top speed. The modern view of the vice, as highlighted by its contrary virtue zeal/diligence, is that it represents the failure to utilize ones talents and gifts. For example, a student who does not work beyond what is required (and thus fails to achieve his or her full potential) would be slothful. Current interpretations are therefore much less stringent and comprehensive than they were in medieval times, and portray Sloth as being more simply a sin of laziness, of an unwillingness to act, an unwillingness to care (rather than a failure to love God and His works). For this reason Sloth is now often seen as being considerably less serious than the other sins. == Wrath (Latin: ira) Synonyms: Wrath (anger, hatred, prejudice, discrimination) Wrath may be described as inordinate and uncontrolled feelings of hatred and anger. These feelings can manifest as vehement denial of the truth, both to others and in the form of self-denial, impatience with the procedure of law, and the desire to seek revenge outside of the workings of the justice system (such as engaging in vigilantism), fanatical political beliefs, and generally wishing to do evil or harm to others. The transgressions borne of Wrath are among the most serious, including murder, assault, and in extreme cases, genocide. (See Crimes against humanity. ) Wrath is the only sin not necessarily associated with selfishness or self interest (although one can of course be wrathful for selfish reasons, such as jealousy). Dante described Wrath as love of justice perverted to revenge and spite. The wrathful in his Purgatorio were enveloped in blinding smoke. == Envy (Latin: invidia) Synonyms: Envy (jealousy, malice) Like Greed, Envy is characterized by an insatiable desire; they differ, however, for two main reasons: First, Greed is largely associated with material goods, whereas Envy may apply more generally. Second, those who commit the sin of Envy desire something that someone else has which they perceive themselves as lacking. Dante defined this as love of ones own good perverted to a desire to deprive other men of theirs. In Dantes Purgatory, the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire, because they have gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought lowly. = Pride (Latin: superbia) Synonyms: Pride (vanity, narcissism), Hubris In almost every list Pride is considered the original and most serious of The Seven Deadly Sins, and indeed the ultimate source from which the others arise. It is identified as a desire to be more important or attractive than others, failing to give compliments to others though they may be deserving of them, and excessive love of self (especially holding self out of proper position toward God). Dantes definition was love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for ones neighbor. In Jacob Bidermanns medieval miracle play, Cenodoxus, Pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the famed Doctor of Paris, Cenodoxus. In perhaps the most famous example, the story of Lucifer, Pride was what caused his Fall from Heaven, and his resultant transformation into Satan. Vanity and Narcissism are prime examples of this Sin. In the Divine Comedy, the penitent were forced to walk with stone slabs bearing down on their backs in order to induce feelings of humility. Dante Alighieri (1265 1321) was a Catholic layman who wrote The Divine Comedy, which is really three epic poems in Italian: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, which are about Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven/Paradise, respectively. In Purgatorio, Dante places each of the seven sins on a level, with the higher levels closer to Paradise and the lower ones closer to Hell. The numbers in parentheses, in the above table, indicate the level where they are found in Purgatorio. Dante considers these sins as offenses against love, and groups them accordingly: PERVERTED Love:(1) Pride (2) Envy (3) Wrath/Anger INSUFFICIENT Love:(4) Sloth EXCESSIVE Love of EARTHLY GOODS:(5) Avarice/Greed (6) Gluttony (7) Lust Dante seems to have had a well-formed conscience. His emphasis on love, in the sense of Christian charity, is impressive. That is not to claim some sort of sainthood, but his ideas were very much in keeping with the teaching of the Catholic Church at a time when the practice of the clergy often fell short of the doctrine. The Divine Comedy Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy is composed of three canticas (or cantiche) — Inferno (Hell), Purgatorio (Purgatory), and Paradiso (Paradise) — composed each of 33 cantos (or canti). The very first canto serves as an introduction to the poem and is generally not considered to be part of the first cantica, bringing the total number of cantos to 100. The first cantica, Inferno, is by far the most famous of the three, and is often published separately under the title Dantes Inferno. As a part of the whole literary work, the first canto serves as an introduction to the entire Divine Comedy, making each of the cantiche 33 canti long. The number 3 is prominent in the work, represented here by the length of each cantica. The verse scheme used, terza rima, is the hendecasyllable (line of eleven syllables), with the lines composing tercets according to the rhyme scheme ABA BCB CDC . . . YZY Z. The poet tells in the first person his travel through the three realms of the dead, lasting during the Easter Triduum in the spring of 1300. His guide through Hell and Purgatory is the Latin poet Virgil, author of the Aeneid and the Fourth Eclogue, and the guide through Paradise is Beatrice, Dantes ideal of a perfect woman. Beatrice was a real Florentine woman whom he met in childhood and admired from afar in the mode of the then-fashionable courtly love tradition which is highlighted in Dantes earlier work La Vita Nuova. The Satanic Bible In the Satanic Bible (Anton Szandor Lavey), it is addressed that these seven sins are all Satanic in nature, as they all lead to mental, emotional and physical gratification. The Seven Holy Virtues The Seven Virtues were derived from the Psychomachia (Contest of the Soul), an epic poem written by Aurelius Clemens Prudentius (c. 10) entailing the battle of good virtues and evil vices. The intense popularity of this work in the Middle Ages helped to spread the concept of Holy Virtue throughout Europe. Practicing these virtues is alleged to protect one against temptation from the Seven Deadly Sins, with each one having its counterpart. Due to this they are sometimes referred to as the contrary virtues. There are two distinct variations of the virtues, recognized by different groups. The Virtues Ranked in ascending order of sanctity, the seven holy virtues are: . Chastity (Latin: castitas) (purity, opposes lust, Latin: luxuria) — Courage and boldness. Embracing of moral wholesomeness and achieving purity of thought through education and betterment; . Abstinence (Latin: frenum) (self-control, opposes gluttony, Latin: gula) — Constant mindfulness of others and ones surroundings; practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation. . Liberality (Latin: liberalitas) (will, generosity, opposes greed, Latin: avaritia) — Generosity. Willingness to give. A nobility of thought or actions. . Diligence (Latin: industria) (ethics, opposes sloth, Latin: acedia) — A zealous and careful nature in ones actions and work. Decisive work ethic. Budgeting ones time; monitoring ones own activities to guard against laziness. . Patience (Latin: patientia) (peace, opposes wrath, Latin: ira) — Forbearance and endurance through moderation. Resolving conflicts peacefully, as opposed to resorting to violence. The ability to forgive; to show mercy to sinners. . Kindness (Latin: humanitas) (satisfaction, opposes envy, Latin: invidia) — Charity, compassion, friendship, and sympathy without prejudice and for its own sake. . Humility (Latin: humilitas) (modesty, opposes pride, Latin: superbia) — Modest behavior, selflessness, and the giving of respect. Giving credit where credit is due; not unfairly glorifying ones own self. Theology Restraint is the keystone of the seven holy virtues. The other holy virtues are created through selfless pursuits: . Valour — Pursuit of Courage and Knowledge . Generosity — Pursuit of Giving . Liberality — Pursuit of Will . Diligence — Pursuit of Ethics . Patience — Pursuit of Peace . Kindness — Pursuit of Charity . Humility — Pursuit of Modesty Roman Catholic Virtues The Roman Catholic church recognized the seven capital virtues as opposites to the Seven Capital Sins or the Seven Deadly Sins. According to Dantes The Divine Comedy the sins have an order of greatness, and the virtues a respective order of greatness as well. This order is shown below from the lowest to the highest. SinVirtue Lust(excessive sexual appetites)Chastity(purity) Gluttony(over-indulgence)Temperance(self-restraint) Greed(avarice)Charity(giving) Sloth(laziness/idleness)Diligence(zeal/integrity/Labour) Wrath(anger)Forgiveness(composure) Envy(jealousy)Kindness(admiration) Pride(vanity)Humility(humbleness) Cardinal and Theological Virtues Another list of the Seven Virtues consists of a combination of the four Cardinal Virtues and the three Theological Virtues: . Prudence, Justice (this is an eighth virtue), Temperance, and Fortitude . Faith, Hope, and Love (charity) This formulation shows clearly the combination of Greek virtues (the Cardinal Virtues, found in Plato, for example) with Christian virtues (found in 1 Corinthians 13). These virtues do not line up so nicely as opposites to the Seven Deadly Sins, but are commonly referenced as the Seven Virtues. This allowed non-Christians to base their behaviour on moral tenets other than those prescribed by Christians. In medieval ideology, only a Christian would have faith in God, look forward to a life after death and caritas, be able to carry out acts of charity towards fellow men based solely on love of God. The Eighth Virtue The Eight virtues are sometimes known as the Apostle Virtues, and is used in the anime/manga Chrono Crusade (Chrno Crusade). . Justice (Latin: Justicia) (honesty righteousness, opposes wrongness or dishonesty, (No Latin)) — Honesty, and the giving of righteousness. Being fair or telling the truth. Doing what is right and not what is wrong. It is the light of truth that conquers the dark of the wrong. Justness, equity, evenhandedness, impartiality, objectivity, neutrality, disinterestedness, morals, morality. . Justice — Pursuit of Righteousness and Honesty Bibliography Boyle, Marjorie ORourke [1997-10-23]. Loyolas Acts: The Rhetoric of the Self (The New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Poetics, 36). Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20937-4. http://ark. cdlib. org/ark:/13030/ft2t1nb1rw/